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Geniostoma venosum

(Sherff) Byng & Christenh. (2018)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Loganiaceae Genus: Geniostoma

kāmakahala [kamakahala]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs 0.5–2.5 m tall.

Stems: Stems angled, many-branched or sometimes few–branched, sparsely to densely appressed short–hispid, rarely glabrate.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades oblanceolate to elliptic, 4–15 cm long, 2.3–5.5 cm wide. Apex short-acuminate, sometimes abruptly so. Base cuneate. Upper surfaces glabrous; lower surfaces appressed short–hispid along the conspicuously raised veins, sometimes hairs scattered over surface; leaves thin, coriaceous. Margins very slightly revolute, at least when dry. Upper surface with veins impressed. Petioles (0.7–)1–2.3 cm long, short–hispid. Stipules interpetiolar, may also be intrapetiolar, membranous, connate into a cup 6–9 mm long, weakly adnate to petioles only at base, quickly splitting, then caducous, short–hispid at base.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences terminal, flowers 7–18(–30) in sessile cymes, pedicels 1.5–9 mm long, elongating to 8–12(–15) mm long in fruit, densely short–hispidulous, more sparsely so in fruit, bracts and bracteoles linear–spatulate to linear, 4.8–9 mm long, ± with a few scattered hairs. Flowers bisexual (perfect) or functionally unisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx 5-merous, lobes unequal, sepals united at base, oblong–lanceolate with an obtuse or acute apex, sometimes oblong–spatulate with a short–attenuate or acute apex, 5–7 mm long, 1.8–2.5 mm wide, imbricate, only midvein conspicuous, sparsely to densely short–hispidulous, especially toward base, inner surface of calyx often with colleters at the base, margin mostly fimbriate. Corolla 5-merous, campanulate to rotate, yellow to yellowish orange, 9.4–14 mm long, the tube slightly flaring toward mouth, 4.5–8 mm long, glabrous to sparsely short–hispidulous, the lobes narrowly deltate, 3.5–6 mm long, apex acute, sparsely white hirsute on the tube within and on lower part of lobes; lobes imbricate or contorted in bud. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, attached to mouth of corolla, exserted, usually recurved after anthesis, glabrous or hairy; filaments mostly short; anthers 2-celled, introrse, connective often extended to form an apical appendage, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or partly inferior, sparsely puberulent or with just a few scattered hairs, 2– or 3-locular, sometimes partitions imperfect in upper part of ovary; ovules numerous, amphitropous, placentation axile; style terminal, mostly short; stigma clavate, ellipsoid, to globular, sometimes ± oblong, about as large as ovary.

Fruit: Capsules broadly ovoid to ovoid–ellipsoid; 12–20 mm long; 8–11 mm in diameter; 2(–4)–valved; valves conspicuously keeled in upper part; keel 1–2.5 mm wide; continuous with the broad beak 1.5–3.5 mm long; septicidal to sub–septifragal; maturing to green; with or without a black–purple tinge; usually becoming brown–black when over–mature. Seeds ± winged at both ends or all around; embedded in juicy orange to red pulp; numerous; obovoid–ellipsoid; 1.1–1.3 mm long; reticulate; intruded on the hilar side; surface mostly minutely papillose to areolate; brown; endosperm oily; proteinaceous with saccharose or hemicellulose; embryo small; straight.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in wet forest; East Maui.

Elevation Range: 910–1,910 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Global Fl. 4: 145 (2018)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:862 (EM [as Labordia venosa]); Gibbons et al. 2012/Christenhusz et al. 2018:145 (Syn. L. venosa = G. venosum)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Geniostoma venosum Olinda, Pipe-line Trail Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10263 Maui BISH 1927-07-30
2 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi Valley, Slopes of The Crater Shaded under Cheirodendron & Metrosideros. Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 230 Maui BISH 1972-10-23
3 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Keanae AHU, Koolau Forest Reserve, Tr 5(29), N slope of Haleakala, along W fork of W Wailuaiki Stream Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees, a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9069 Maui BISH 1980-06-01
4 Geniostoma venosum Western Piinaau headwaters. Metrosideros montane wet forest below subalpine shrubland and montane mesic forest. W/Cheirodendron, Rubus hawaiiensis, Ilex, Myrsine lessertiana, Sadleria cyatheoides, Coprosma montana, Atherium microphyllum, Lycopodium venustulum, Polypodium pellucidum, Polystichum bonseyi, Dryop Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 14254 Maui BISH 2010-06-10
5 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Makawao District, Kalialinui ahupua`a, western Pi`ina`au drainage basin Vegetation: Metrosideros, Myrsine, Cheirodendronn, Coprosma, Vacciniium, Leptecophylla, Ilex, Rubus, Broussaisia, Melicope, Dryopteris, Diplazium, Sadleria, Athyrium, Asplenium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia, Coniogramme, Pneumatopteris Uncinia, Stenogyne, Carex, Lycopodium, Smilax, Astelia Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 61015 Maui BISH 2010-06-10
6 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Haleakala, Ukulele to Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8627 Maui BISH 1910-10-01
7 Geniostoma venosum Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 762 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
8 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Manawainui Planeze, above Kekuewa LZ along USFWS Tr # 18 Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1945 Maui BISH 1997-09-03
9 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Keanae Pali, E of Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 637 Maui BISH 1919-07-17
10 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Honomanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8538 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
11 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Woods near Ukulele, above Olinda Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 152 Maui BISH 1910-07-01
12 Geniostoma venosum Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 760 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
13 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Haleakala, Ukulele to Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8627 Maui BISH 1910-10-01
14 Geniostoma venosum Waihoi Crater bog Preserved_Specimen Gagné, B.H. Maui BISH 1981-07-01
15 Geniostoma venosum Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1253 Maui BISH 1919-08-04
16 Geniostoma venosum Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 963 Maui BISH 1919-07-27
17 Geniostoma venosum Keanae Gap, Halehaku Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1080 Maui BISH 1909-08-07
18 Geniostoma venosum East of Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 888 Maui BISH 1919-07-21
19 Geniostoma venosum East of Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 882 Maui BISH 1919-07-20
20 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 963 Maui BISH 1919-07-27
21 Geniostoma venosum Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 762 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
22 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, along Waikamoi Flume Wet `ohi`a rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4793 Maui BISH 1983-01-15
23 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala, S rim of Kipahulu Valley, Kuiki Mossy rain forest. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21242 Maui BISH 1945-08-30
24 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Koolau Forest Reserve, Tr 9(16), N slope of Haleakala, on ridge east of Kuhiwa Valley Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees, a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9152 Maui BISH 1980-06-13
25 Geniostoma venosum upper W Wailuanui montane, wet forest; Broussaisia arguta, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Coprosma ochracea, Melicope clusiifolia, Hedyotis hillebrandii, Rubus hawaiensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Vaccinium calycinum, Clermontia arborescens, Ilex anomala, epiphytic ferns, bryophytes Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 9862 Maui BISH 2002-06-25
26 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Waihoi Valley, Back of the valley Among Metrosideros & Vaccinium Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 105 Maui BISH 1972-07-27
27 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, On ridge above N rim of Kipahulu Under Cheirodendron & Metrosideros with Peperomia spp. & ferns Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 474 Maui BISH 1973-09-23
28 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Koolau Forest Reserve, Along Olinda Pipe-line Trail, between Waikamoi & Honomanu Streams Montane rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 13951 Maui BISH 1968-06-26
29 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, S end of an immense bog, overlooking the N rim of Kipahulu With Dryopteris spp. & various other ferns, Cheirodendron, Ilex & Metrosideros. Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 471 Maui BISH 1973-09-22
30 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hanawi NAR, eastern Hanawi drainage basin In shady understory. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Perrottetia, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Dubautia, Coprosman, Rubus, Sadleria, Pipturus, Dryopteris, Clermontia, Kadua, Psychotria, Melicope, Myrsine, Scaevola, Arthyrium, Diplazium, Asplenium, Peperomia, Uncinia, Pteris, Cibotium, Elaphoglossum, Phyllostegia, Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 80913 Maui BISH 2009-08-15
31 Geniostoma venosum Olinda, Pipe-line Trail Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10270 Maui BISH 1927-06-27
32 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, On top of an old cindercone near N rim of Kipahulu With Dicranopteris, Pelea, Metrosideros & Broussaisia Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 313 Maui BISH 1973-07-09
33 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, Tr 11(18), NE slope of Haleakala, along ridge Kawaipapa/Mokulehua G Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees, a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9313 Maui BISH 1980-06-30
34 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, Tr 10(7/8), NE slope of Haleakala, along Kalapawili Ridge Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees, a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2883 Maui BISH 1980-07-26
35 Geniostoma venosum East Maui; Kipahulu Valley. Midcamp bog On margin of bog Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5883 Maui BISH 1988-03-09
36 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala, Wai Eleele, apparently at head of Waihoi Stream, 0.5 mile E of Wai Anapanapa Moist (?) forest. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21048 Maui BISH 1945-08-17
37 Geniostoma venosum E. Maui, Kipahulu Valley, Central Valley Found in a Metrosideros rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros 454 Maui BISH 1983-07-10
38 Geniostoma venosum Hana District, Hanawi NAR, west fork of Kuhiwa stream Metrosideros-Cheirodendron trigynum-Dicranopteris linearis montane wet forest. With Broussaisia arguta, sadleria cyatheiodes, Rubus hawaiiensis, Pittosporum, Gunnera, Leptecophylla, Dryopteris wallichiana, Myrsine lessertiana, Melicope clusifolia, Diplazium sandwichianum, Cyanea Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 21744 Maui BISH 2009-08-15
39 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Makawao District, Haiku Uka, upper west fork of West Wailuaiki Understory. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Ilex, Melicope, Myrsine, Coprosman, Rubus, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Sadleria, Dubautia, Pseudophegopteris, Athyrium, Dryopteris, Smilax, Arachniodes, Oreogrammitis, Peperomia, Pteris, Pneumatopteris, Marattia, Coniogramme, Elaphoglossum, Polystichum, Asplenium, Carex, Astelia, Uncinia Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 51105 Maui BISH 2011-05-10
40 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, Tr 11(4), NE slope of Haleakala, along E part of Kalapawili Ridge Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees, a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2901 Maui BISH 1980-07-27
41 Geniostoma venosum Waikamoi Rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27551 Maui BISH 1961-07-07
42 Geniostoma venosum E. Maui, Kipahulu Valley, N. Palikea Stream. Lower Valley Along streambed Preserved_Specimen Medeiros 438 Maui BISH 1983-07-08
43 Geniostoma venosum Makawao District, Haiku Uka AHU, Tr 3(33), NW slope of Haleakala, on ridge east of Haipuaena Stream Wet `ohi`a forest with other native trees, a treefern and native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9351 Maui BISH 1980-06-10
44 Geniostoma venosum East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, Along ridge above N rim of Kipahulu With Cheirodendron, Metrosideros, Peperomia & Broussaisia Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 296 Maui BISH 1973-04-29
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